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把模块写到自己的包内

In this tutorial, you'll write a Substrate pallet that lives in its own crate, and include it in a node based on the substrate-node-template.

Install the Node Template

You should already have version v2.0.0 of the Substrate Node Template compiled on your computer from when you completed the Create Your First Substrate Chain Tutorial. If you do not, please complete that tutorial.

Experienced developers who truly prefer to skip that tutorial, you may install the node template according to the instructions in its readme.

Clone the Pallet Template

We're not going to write our pallet directly as part of the node template, but rather as a separate Rust crate. This approach allows us to publish our pallet separately from our node and also allows others to easily import this pallet into their own Substrate runtime.

Clone the Substrate pallet template in the pallets directory of your node template:

cd pallets
git clone -b v2.0.0 https://github.com/substrate-developer-hub/substrate-pallet-template test-pallet

In this tutorial we have placed the pallet template inside the node template's directory structure. This pattern is not required, and you can place the pallet template anywhere you like. Another popular option would be as a sibling to the node template.

The Substrate Pallet Template

Let's explore the Substrate pallet template, starting with the Cargo.toml file.

Renaming Your Crate

In the Cargo.toml file, you must update the crate's name. In this tutorial, we're focusing on how to create and use the pallet rather than writing interesting pallet logic. So let's update the value of the package.name attribute in the Cargo.toml file to test-pallet.

The package section of the Cargo.toml file now looks like:

pallets/test-pallet/Cargo.toml

[package]
authors = ['Substrate DevHub <https://github.com/substrate-developer-hub>']
description = 'FRAME pallet template'
edition = '2018'
homepage = 'https://substrate.dev'
license = 'Unlicensed'
name = 'test-pallet'
repository = 'https://github.com/substrate-developer-hub/substrate-pallet-template/'
version = '2.0.0'

Update the Cargo.toml file in the root directory of the template node to include a reference to the new pallet:

Cargo.toml

[profile.release]
panic = 'unwind'

[workspace]
members = [
    'node',
    'pallets/template',
    'pallets/test-pallet',  # <-- add this
    'runtime',
]

Compile the Template Pallet

You should be able to successfully check the Substrate pallet template with:

cd test-pallet
SKIP_WASM_BUILD=1 cargo check

Your Pallet's std Feature

In your pallets/test-pallet/Cargo.toml file, you will notice a few lines about the "std feature". In Rust, when you enable std, you give your project access to the Rust standard libraries. This works just fine when building native binaries.

However, Substrate also builds the runtime code to WebAssembly (Wasm). In this case we use cargo features to disable the Rust standard library. Thus, all the dependencies we use for our pallet, and our entire runtime, must be able to compile with no_std feature. Our Cargo.toml file tells our pallet's dependencies to only use their std feature when this pallet also uses its std feature, like so:

pallets/test-pallet/Cargo.toml

[features]
default = ['std']
std = [
    'codec/std',
    'frame-support/std',
    'frame-system/std',
]

Consistent Substrate Dependencies

All Substrate pallets will depend on some low-level FRAME libraries such as frame-system and frame-support. These libraries are pulled from crates.io. When people build their own FRAME-based runtimes, they will also have dependencies on these low-level libraries. You will need to ensure consistent dependencies between your pallet and your runtime.

pallets/test-pallet/Cargo.toml

# --snip--
[dependencies]
frame-support = { default-features = false, version = '2.0.0' }
# --snip--

From the above snippet, we see that this pallet template depends on version 2.0.0 of the low-level libraries. Thus it can be used in runtimes that also depend on 2.0.0.

Your Pallet's Dev Dependencies

The final section of the Cargo.toml file specifies the dev dependencies. These are the dependencies that are needed in your pallet's tests, but not the actual pallet itself.

pallets/test-pallet/Cargo.toml

# --snip--
[dev-dependencies]
sp-core = { default-features = false, version = '2.0.0' }
# --snip--

You can confirm that the tests in the Substrate pallet template pass with:

SKIP_WASM_BUILD=1 cargo test

When updating this pallet to include your own custom logic, you will likely add dependencies of your own to this Cargo.toml file.

Add Your Pallet to Your Node

With our pallet now compiling and passing it's tests, we're ready to add it to our node.

If you aren't familiar with including and using other crates, refer to the Cargo book for an in-depth explanation.

We first add our newly-created crate as a dependency in the node's runtime Cargo.toml. Then we tell the pallet to only build its std feature when the runtime itself does, as follows:

runtime/Cargo.toml

# --snip--
test-pallet = { path = '../pallets/test-pallet', default-features = false, version = '2.0.0' }

# toward the bottom
[features]
default = ['std']
std = [
    'test-pallet/std',
    # --snip--
]

You must set default-features = false so that your runtime will successfully compile to Wasm.

Next we will update runtime/src/lib.rs to actually use our new runtime pallet, by adding a trait implementation with our test_pallet and add it in our construct_runtime! macro.

runtime/src/lib.rs

// add the following code block
impl test_pallet::Trait for Runtime {
  type Event = Event;
}

// --snip--
construct_runtime!(
  pub enum Runtime where
    Block = Block,
    NodeBlock = opaque::Block,
    UncheckedExtrinsic = UncheckedExtrinsic
  {
    // --snip--
    // add the following line
    TestPallet: test_pallet::{Module, Call, Storage, Event<T>},
  }
);

Run Your Node

At this point you have the pallet packaged up as it's own crate and included in your node's runtime.

Make sure you're back in the node template's root directory, then compile the node and start in development mode with the following command:

WASM_BUILD_TOOLCHAIN=nightly-2020-10-05 cargo run --release -- --dev --tmp

Now, start the Polkadot-JS Apps connecting to your local node to confirm that the pallet is working as expected.

Notes: You can also manually set the node URL in Polkadot-JS Apps by navigating to the Settings tab, and have the remote node/endpoint to connect to set to Local Node.

Publish Your Pallet

Once your pallet is no longer in test phase, you should consider publishing it to GitHub or crates.io.

Publishing on GitHub

To publish on GitHub, you need to create a GitHub repository and push your pallet's code to it.

Publishing on Crates.io

Crates.io allows permissionless publishing. Learn the procedure following their own guide about publishing on crates.io

Updating your Runtime's Dependency

With your pallet now published on GitHub, crates.io, or both, we can update your runtime to use the code that is published instead of a hard-coded file system path.

Dependencies from GitHub

runtime/Cargo.toml

[dependencies.your-pallet-name]
default_features = false
git = 'https://github.com/your-username/your-pallet'
branch = 'master'

# You may choose a specific commit or tag instead of branch
# rev = '<git-commit>'
# tag = '<some tag>

Dependencies from Crates.io

runtime/Cargo.toml

[dependencies.your-pallet-name]
default_features = false
version = 'some-compatible-version'

One Last Build

Compile one more time and notice that Cargo now grabs your pallet from GitHub or crates.io instead of using the local files.

后续步骤

恭喜你！ You've written a Substrate pallet in its own Rust crate, and published it. Other blockchain developers can now easily use your pallet in their runtime by simply including those same four lines of code in their runtime's Cargo.toml files and updating their runtime's lib.rs file.

进一步学习

  • We have plenty of tutorials to showcase Substrate development concepts and techniques.
  • For more information about runtime development tips and patterns, refer to our Substrate Recipes.
  • For a bare FRAME pallet with higly detailed doc comments on specifics of what more you can access within FRAME, see this example in substrate

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